Formative vs. summative assessment: impacts on academic motivation, attitude toward learning, test anxiety, and self-regulation skill

Language Testing in Asia

Table 11 Descriptive statistics of the three groups on the motivation pre-tests

	N	Means	Std. deviations	Std. errors	95% confidence interval for means		Minimum	Maximum
	N	Means	Std. deviations	Std. errors	Lower bounds	Upper bounds	Minimum	Maximum
Control	24	90.33	25.08	5.11	79.74	100.92	50.00	149.00
Summative	24	91.75	22.08	4.50	82.42	101.07	55.00	128.00
Formative	24	92.45	21.69	4.42	83.29	101.62	55.00	129.00
Total	72	91.51	22.69	2.67	86.18	96.84	50.00	149.00