Formative vs. summative assessment: impacts on academic motivation, attitude toward learning, test anxiety, and self-regulation skill

Language Testing in Asia

Table 5 Multiple comparisons by Bonferroni test (test anxiety)

(I) groups	(J) groups	Mean differences (I-J)	Std. errors	Sig.	95% confidence intervals
(I) groups	(J) groups	Mean differences (I-J)	Std. errors	Sig.	Lower bounds	Upper bounds
Control	Summative	−7.95^a	3.10	.03	−15.57	−.33
Control	Formative	−19.54^a	3.10	.00	−27.16	−11.92
Summative	Control	7.95^a	3.10	.03	.33	15.57
Summative	Formative	−11.58^a	3.10	.00	−19.20	−3.96
Formative	Control	19.54^a	3.10	.00	11.92	27.16
Formative	Summative	11.58^a	3.10	.00	3.96	19.20