From: Using diagnostic feedback to enhance the development of phonetic knowledge of an L2: a CALL design based on the unified competition model and the implementation with the Pinyin Tutor
Hotelling statistic
Hotelling p-value
Syllable w/o tone, initial, and final combined
0.5451
0.6581
Word, syllable, and tone combined
4.7586
0.0138
All components combined
2.3567
0.0874