Table 1 L2 motivation constructs

1. Ideal L2 Self^a

Idealized images about being a successful L2 user. A strong vision can be a powerful motivator to harmonize our actual and future self

2. Ought-to L2 Self^a

Idealized images about one’s future L2 self. Influenced by a sense of obligation to meet others’ expectations or please them

3. Instrumentality (promotion)^a

The regulation of personal goals to become more successful. (e.g., attaining high proficiency in English to improve career potential)

4. Instrumentality (prevention)^a

The regulation of duties and obligations in order to avoid negative outcomes (e.g., studying English in order to pass an important exam)

5. Attitudes to L2 Learning^a

Situation-specific motives related to the immediate learning environment and experience (e.g., impact of peers, teachers, curriculum, etc.)

6. Attitudes to L2 Culture and Community^a

The learner’s attitudes toward the target language community including interest in its cultural products (e.g., movies, music, etc.)

7. Family Influence^a

The influence of (active or passive) family members on the language learning activities engaged in by the learner

8. Intended Effort^a

The degree of effort a language learner intends to exert towards language learning activities

9. Attitudes to L2 Testing^b

A language learners’ current disposition towards L2 testing (comprised of value, accuracy, impact, usefulness, fairness, importance, predictability, and trust of L2 tests or L2 test results)

10. L2 Social Value^b

Student’s perception of the importance of an L2 within their own sociocultural context