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Table 1 Participants’ language background

From: How interactive discussions support writing development: the application of Dynamic Assessment for learning Chinese rhetoric

Participant

Age

Nationality

First Language

Lengths of time in learning Chinese

Language abilitya

Kai

23

American

English

3 years

intermediate-middle (Level 5)

Ryan

40

Dane

Danish

11 years

intermediate-high (Level 6)

Evan

24

American

English

2 years

intermediate-middle (Level 5)

  1. aParticipants’ Chinese performance was assessed based on the standards established by american Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) and Common European Framework of References for Languages (CEFR). A total of nine levels which include novice, medium, superior and three subdivisions of each category (low, middle, and high) was utilized to determine classes and to design general activities