Table 9 Multilevel model results of the five writing quality scores in Study 2
Error per 100 words | No. of words | No. of words per sentence | No. of transitional words per 100 words | No. of organization elements | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Null + time + class | Null + time + class | Null + time + class | Null | Null | |
Fixed effects | |||||
Level 1 (n = 243) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) |
Intercept (γ00)—initial status | 4.48*** (0.56) | 208.65*** (11.72) | 12.73*** (0.40) | 3.65*** (0.12) | 4.18*** (0.03) |
Time (γ10)—rate of change | −0.65 (0.39) | 34.17*** (5.71) | 2.08*** (0.43) | -- | -- |
Level 2 (n = 81) | |||||
Class (γ01)—initial status | 1.11*** (0.26) | −8.32 (4.45) | −0.29 (0.16) | -- | -- |
Class (γ11)—rate of change | −0.28 (0.17) | −4.24 (2.16) | −0.44** (0.15) | -- | -- |
Random effects | |||||
Level 1 (n = 243) | |||||
Within-student variance (r) | 4.45 | 962.55 | 3.31 | 1.25 | 0.33 |
Level 2 (n = 81) | |||||
Between-student variance (u0) | 7.56 | 2361.17 | 2.38 | 0.70 | 0.0002 |
Between-student variance (u1) | 2.64 | 253.08 | 1.67 | -- | -- |
Chi-square (u 0 ; df) | 246.09*** (79) | 319.44*** (79) | 150.75*** (79) | 216.74*** (80) | 71.86 (80) |
Chi-square (u1; df) | 176.98*** (79) | 123.59*** (79) | 162.57*** (79) | -- | -- |
Intraclass correlation | -- | -- | -- | 0.36 | 0.0006 |
Reliability | |||||
Intercept (β0) | 0.67 | 0.75 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 0.00 |
Time (β1) | 0.54 | 0.35 | 0.50 | -- | -- |
Model fit | |||||
Deviance (# of estimated parameters) | 1193.68 (8) | 2555.23 (8) | 1132.04 (8) | 821.30 (3) | 422.00 (3) |
AIC | 1209.68 | 2571.23 | 1148.04 | 827.30 | 428.00 |