Table 3 Two-way non-parametric comparisons (test takers who studied >20 h, n = 40)
From: Investigating washback to the learner from the IELTS test in the Japanese tertiary context
Category | Sub-category | Mean T1 | Mean T2 | z-value | p-value | Sig | Effect size (r) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skills | Speaking | 2.4 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.2) | −4.15 | .0000 | ** | .46 |
Writing | 2.7 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.6) | −3.76 | .0000 | ** | .42 | |
Listening | 3.2 (1.5) | 3.6 (1.3) | −4.15 | .0000 | ** | .46 | |
Reading | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.6 (1.5) | −1.07 | .1198 | .12 | ||
Activities | Reading | 3.1 (1.5) | 3.2 (1.5) | −0.19 | .8696 | .02 | |
Listening: 2 people | 2.7 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.4) | −1.84 | .0687 | .21 | ||
Listening: 3 (+) people | 2.7 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.4) | −1.40 | .1734 | .16 | ||
Speaking: Everyday topics | 1.8 (0.9) | 3.1 (1.2) | −4.57 | .0000 | ** | .51 | |
Speaking: Abstract topics | 1.8 (0.9) | 3.2 (1.3) | −5.02 | .0000 | ** | .56 | |
Writing: Graphs | 2.8 (1.5) | 3.8 (1.7) | −3.08 | .0017 | ** | .34 | |
Writing: Essays | 2.8 (1.4) | 4.0 (1.5) | −3.75 | .0000 | ** | .42 | |
Form | Fluency | 2.6 (1.5) | 3.3 (1.5) | −2.71 | .0059 | .30 | |
Pronunciation | 1.6 (0.7) | 2.1 (1.1) | −2.03 | .0434 | .23 | ||
Grammar | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.1) | −1.18 | .2360 | .13 | ||
Vocabulary | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.5 (1.4) | −1.52 | .1310 | .17 | ||
Test techniques | 2.9 (1.5) | 3.7 (1.4) | −3.36 | .0006 | * | .38 |