Table 4 Two-way parametric comparisons (test takers who studied >0 h, n = 163)
From: Investigating washback to the learner from the IELTS test in the Japanese tertiary context
Category | Sub-category | Mean T1 (SD) | Mean T2 (SD) | t-value (df = 162) | p-value | Sig. | Cohen’s D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scores | Speaking | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) | −4.579 | .0000 | ** | .36 |
(0-9) | Writing | 5.5 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.6) | −1.576 | .1171 | .12 | |
Listening | 6.5 (1.0) | 6.6 (1.1) | −2.299 | .0228 | .18 | ||
Reading | 7.2 (0.9) | 7.3 (0.9) | −1.880 | .0619 | .15 |