Table 1 Writing ability scale for English majors in Chinese universities in the final version of the writing

Level 3: 10 descriptors

 can do academic writing (e.g. abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, data findings and analysis, conclusion)

 can proofread and give feedback to the academic writing of students of other majors

 can write a graduation thesis

 can write research proposals applying for further education abroad

 can write reports of different genres (e.g. business report)

 can write term papers (research papers written by students over an academic term)

 can write book reviews as required

 can express thoughts about cultural topics such as music, films in writing

 can carry out the continuation task of writing after reading the given part

 can write summaries based on augmentative texts

Level 2: 13 descriptors

 can describe a graph, chart or table in detail

 can write speech scripts for classroom presentations

 can convey information and ideas on abstract as well as concrete topics

 can write letters/compositions commenting on the correspondent’s views

 can clearly and precisely express oneself

 can effectively express one’s ideas, emotions

 can paraphrase the content of the English passages

 can write letters/compositions highlighting the personal significance of events and experiences

 can write summaries based on narrative and descriptive texts

 can check information (e.g. examining general patterns of information across text types)

 can express news and views effectively in writing

 can write letters/compositions conveying degrees of emotion

 can take messages communicating inquiries, explaining problems

Level 1: 14 descriptors

 can write resumes

 can make and respond to inquiries in writing

 can provide information needed for registrations of all kinds (e.g. hotel and website registration)

 can write personal letters/compositions describing experiences, feelings and events

 can write a short passage (150–200 words) based on a given topic or outline

 can write personal letters/compositions giving news

 can ask for or pass on personal details in written form

 can write short, simple formulaic notes relating to matters in areas of immediate need

 can write personal letters and notes conveying information

 can write invitation letters

 can write notices

 can write self-introductions

 can write to communicate with overseas friends through letters or e-mails

 can write very simple personal letters expressing thanks and apology