1. | The terminology in language testing and assessment | |
2. | How of language assessment | Lack of knowledge about how to design and score listening, speaking, and reading skills |
Misconceptions about test validity | ||
Confusing the requirements of norm-referenced and criterion-referenced testing | ||
3. | Why of language assessment | Lack of a clear understanding about the purposes of summative and formative assessment |
4. | What of language assessment | Misconceptions about communicative competence and the role of World Englishes |