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Table 7 Summary of item bias analysis of Qiyas for L1 Arabic language test data by gender

From: Investigating the psychometric properties of the Qiyas for L1 Arabic language test using a Rasch measurement framework

DIF measure

DIF contrast

Rasch Welch’s t

p

Item

Male

Female

− 0.71

− 1.55

0.85

2.32

0.02

1

0.26

− 0.11

0.38

1.29

0.19

2

0.73

0.2

0.53

1.83

0.06

3

0.63

0.25

0.38

1.31

0.19

4

− 0.04

0.45

− 0.49

− 1.68

0.09

5

− 1.15

− 2.1

0.95

2.24

0.02

6

− 1.7

−  1.65

− 0.05

− 0.12

0.9

7

1.16

0.92

0.25

0.83

0.4

8

− 0.01

0.65

− 0.66

− 2.26

0.02

9

− 0.59

0.04

− 0.63

− 2.09

0.03

10

0.99

1.43

− 0.43

− 1.41

0.16

11

− 0.25

− 0.11

− 0.14

− 0.46

0.64

12

− 1.06

− 0.87

− 0.19

− 0.57

0.57

13

0.86

0.86

0

0

1

14

1.34

1.97

− 0.63

− 1.88

0.06

15

0.13

1.13

− 1

− 3.35

0

16

1.99

1.97

0.02

0.06

0.94

17

− 0.36

0.2

− 0.56

− 1.88

0.06

18

0.14

0.14

0

0

1

19

− 0.63

− 0.56

− 0.07

− 0.23

0.81

20

0.22

0.25

− 0.03

− 0.1

0.91

21

0.89

0.65

0.24

0.81

0.41

22

− 0.08

0.04

− 0.12

− 0.4

0.68

23

0.36

− 0.01

0.37

1.28

0.2

24

1.09

1.31

− 0.21

− 0.69

0.48

25

0.06

− 0.01

0.07

0.25

0.8

26

− 0.22

− 0.44

0.23

0.74

0.45

27

0.13

0.3

− 0.17

− 0.58

0.56

28

0.96

0.86

0.1

0.33

0.74

29

− 0.4

0.15

− 0.54

− 1.83

0.06

30

− 0.15

0.35

− 0.49

− 1.69

0.09

31

1.09

0.71

0.39

1.32

0.18

32

− 0.79

− 1.07

0.28

0.83

0.4

33

− 0.18

− 0.44

0.26

0.86

0.39

34

− 1.09

− 1.09

0

0

1

35

0.33

− 0.33

0.66

2.22

0.02

36

− 1.2

− 1

− 0.2

− 0.58

0.56

37

− 1.52

− 1.07

− 0.45

− 1.24

0.21

38

− 0.39

− 0.39

0

0

1

39

0.36

− 0.11

0.48

1.63

0.1

40

− 0.88

− 0.68

− 0.2

− 0.62

0.53

41

1.16

0.6

0.56

1.91

0.05

42

− 0.44

− 1.07

0.64

1.92

0.05

43

− 0.36

− 0.22

− 0.14

− 0.47

0.64

44

− 0.71

− 0.93

0.22

0.68

0.49

45