Assessing the effect of focused direct and focused indirect written corrective feedback on explicit and implicit knowledge of language learners

Language Testing in Asia

Table 3 Design features of explicit and implicit tests (Adapted from Ellis, 2005a, 2005b)

Criterion	Imitation	Oral narrative	Timed grammaticality judgment test	Untimed grammaticality judgment test	Metalanguage
Degree of awareness	Feel	Feel	Feel	Rule	Rule
Time available	Pressured	Pressured	Pressured	Unpressured	Unpressured
Focus of attention	Meaning	Meaning	Form	Form	Form
Metalinguistic knowledge	No	No	No	Yes	Yes