Table 2 Principal component analysis for the 21-item questionnaire survey (n = 902)
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|---|---|
Factor 1 ‘Benefits’ (9 items) | |
- The policy generates my English learning motivation | 0.702 |
- The policy helps me improve my English proficiency | 0.681 |
- The policy enhances my competitiveness in future workplace. | 0.672 |
- The policy makes me clearer on learning objectives. | 0.654 |
- The policy makes me my learning process enjoyable for me. | 0.643 |
- The policy directs my learning. | 0.628 |
- The policy enhances my competitiveness in future education. | 0.603 |
- The policy copes with the alarming issues in English standards in Vietnam. | 0.593 |
- I would still be motivated to learn English even if there were no graduation requirement α = 0.838 | 0.559 |
Initial eigenvalues (% of variance 27.218, cumulative % 27.218) | |
Factor 2 ‘Anxiety’ (8 items) | |
- The policy places me under pressure on learning English. | 0.762 |
- The policy makes me feel more anxious about learning English. | 0.696 |
- The policy makes me feel that I have failed in my efforts to learn English. | 0.689 |
- The policy makes me more frustrated with learning English. | 0.654 |
- The policy makes me feel afraid of learning English. | 0.645 |
- I worry I might be held back in university/college because I would not satisfy the requirement. | 0.638 |
- Passing the English language proficiency tests to satisfy the requirement is major driving force in learning English. | 0.620 |
- Failing to satisfy the policy exerts great negative impacts on my future. α = 0.820 | 0.608 |
Initial eigenvalues (% of variance 16.812, cumulative % 44.030) | |
Factor 3 ‘Test-oriented learning’ (4 items) | |
- The policy makes my English more test-oriented rather than encouraging communicative competence. | 0.930 |
- I spend more time inside and outside class improving test taking strategies. | 0.905 |
- I only pay attention on the content related to the English language proficiency tests | 0.887 |
- I prefer doing test-oriented practice in four skills inside and outside class α = 0.957 | 0.840 |
Initial eigenvalues (% of variance 8.850, cumulative % 52.880) |