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Table 6 Direct, indirect, and total effects of the hypothesized model

From: A moderated mediation analysis of the relationship between a high-stakes English test and test takers’ extracurricular English learning activities

Path

Point estimate

(Std.)

Point estimate

(Unstd.)

SE

Z

Bootstrapping with 95% confidence

Two-tailed significance

Bias-corrected

Percentile

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Specific indirect effect

 SIE 1

.122

.151

.058

2.603

.039

.268

.041

.269

**

 SIE 2

.050

.062

.031

2.000

.006

.130

.005

.127

*

 SIE 3

.204

.252

.048

5.250

.169

.358

.169

.356

***

Total indirect effect

 TPN→TEELA

.376

.464

.062

7.484

.353

.592

.355

.596

***

Direct effect

 TPN→TEELA

.145

.179

.064

2.797

.057

.311

.051

.303

**

Total effect

 TPN→TEELA

.521

.644

.060

10.733

.537

.769

.533

.765

***

  1. Note. 5000 bootstrap samples. N = 463. Std., standardized; Unstd., unstandardized; TPN, test takers’ perceptions of the NMET; TEELA, test-takers’ extracurricular English learning activities; SIE 1, TPN→PSE-SRL→TEELA; SIE 2, TPN→PSE-AA→TEELA; SIE 3, TPN→PSE-SRL→PSE-AA→TEELA
  2. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001