Table 9 Model fit analysis for 30 items in the final MMM questionnaire

Memory strategy use (MSU)

22

I closely observe my memorization progress.

.46

29

I test my memory regularly right after memorizing items.

.47

32

Before I memorize items, I think of how I am going to use them.

.42

33

I memorize new items based on the knowledge, goals, and abilities I already have.

.48

47

Before I start memorizing items, I focus on my personal motivation.

.44

48

I observe my feelings during memorization.

.53

49

When I am memorizing items, I remove myself from any distractors.

.43

54

I believe when I verbalize my emotions, I can memorize better.

.41

64

I believe I can memorize a list of 20 items in a very short time.

.39

65

If I believe in my memory, I can memorize better.

.52

66

I know a variety of strategies to memorize items.

.41

69

I regularly challenge myself with memorizing difficult items.

.49

Memory attentiveness (MAt)

57

When I am memorizing items, I will lose my concentration if I have time limit.

.57

53

When I am memorizing items, I will lose my concentration if I imagine the exam conditions.

.44

55

The more emotional I am about the items, the better I can memorize them.

.54

43

Following a cholesterol-free diet makes me recall better.

.52

71

My negative feelings deteriorate my memorization.

.46

13

I borrow the strategies of my successful peers for memorization.

.48

Memory factual awareness (MFA)

62

Being healthy or not, I can memorize items equally.

.38

17

I think humans are born with good or bad memory.

.38

18

I believe my memories do not change over time.

.44

21

To memorize better, I look for links between the items.

.52

24

When I am memorizing, I verbalize the items.

.44

15

I take notes while I am memorizing.

.39

Confidence and affect

8

When I remember an event, I can recall what exactly happened.

.20

9

My past memories have no effect on the way I picture my future.

.32

27

I spend an equal amount of time on memorizing every new item.

.24

36

I recall a memory separate from my thoughts and imaginations.

.18

37

Memorizing more items makes me lose some details about items.

.23

38

It is more difficult to recall the items that are not semantically related to each other.

.24