Table 7 Descriptive statistics of students’ RTs (in seconds) on each screen (N = 32)

1 (Understand scene and situation)

14.37

11.71

2.13

5.12

2 (Read two types of source texts)

102.05

50.18

0.94

0.65

3 (Choose the outline)

28.83

14.35

0.81

-0.22

4 (Choose each main point)

72.47

35.61

0.46

-1.14

5 (Choose the source text that you agree with)

19.73

22.54

2.80

8.67

6 (Organize your own ideas in Japanese)

371.49

176.01

0.86

0.94

7 (Write your own ideas in English)

560.8

284.99

0.36

0.73