Formative vs. summative assessment: impacts on academic motivation, attitude toward learning, test anxiety, and self-regulation skill

Language Testing in Asia

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of all groups on the test anxiety pre-tests

	N	Means	Std. deviations	Std. errors	95% confidence interval for means		Minimum	Maximum
	N	Means	Std. deviations	Std. errors	Lower bounds	Upper bounds	Minimum	Maximum
Control	24	27.70	11.37	2.32	22.90	32.51	14.00	49.00
Summative	24	28.91	11.89	2.42	23.89	33.93	13.00	50.00
Formative	24	28.41	10.93	2.23	23.79	33.03	14.00	49.00
Total	72	28.34	11.25	1.32	25.70	30.99	13.00	50.00