Formative vs. summative assessment: impacts on academic motivation, attitude toward learning, test anxiety, and self-regulation skill

Language Testing in Asia

Table 15 Multiple comparisons by Bonferroni test (motivation)

(I) groups	(J) groups	Mean differences (I-J)	Std. errors	Sig.	95% confidence intervals
(I) groups	(J) groups	Mean differences (I-J)	Std. errors	Sig.	Lower bounds	Upper bounds
Control	Summative	−22.91^a	4.65	.00	−34.33	−11.49
Control	Formative	−34.95^a	4.65	.00	−46.37	−23.53
Summative	Control	22.91^a	4.65	.00	11.49	34.33
Summative	Formative	−12.04^a	4.65	.03	−23.46	−.62
Formative	Control	34.95^a	4.65	.00	23.53	46.37
Formative	Summative	12.04^a	4.65	.03	.62	23.46