Lessons from the Chinese imperial examination system

Language Testing in Asia

Table 1 Operationalising the socio-cognitive model (Chalhoub-Deville & O’Sullivan, 2020)

Focus	Model	Detail
Focus on the test	Development	Test content, administration, and security
Focus on the test	Measurement	Scoring system innovation
Focus on test consequences	Communication	Reporting results and highlighting success
Focus on test consequences	Theories of change and action	Rationalising the need for a competitive system and outlining its approach