Skill profiles of Japanese English learners and reasons for uneven patterns

Language Testing in Asia

Table 2 Five tests used in Study 1

	GTEC CBT	TOEFL Junior	TEAP	TOEFL iBT	TOEIC
Listening & reading	Computer adaptive, multiple choice	Computer based, multiple choice	Paper based, multiple choice	Computer based, multiple choice	Paper based, multiple choice
Speaking	Computer based	Computer based	Face-to-face interview	Computer based	Computer based
Writing	Computer based	Computer based	Paper based	Computer based	Computer based
Tested CEFR levels	A1 to C1	A1 to B2	A1 to C1	A2 to C2	A1 to C1
Purpose	General and academic	General and academic	Readiness for academic work	Academic	Business and general
Conversion table	Center for Entrance Examination Standardization (2017)	Tannenbaum and Baron (2015)	Internal score comparison table	Papageorgiou et al. (2015)	Educational Testing Service (2019)

TOEFL Junior, which was used in the current study, was a test of four skills but now includes listening, reading, and speaking while excluding writing