Validity evidence of Criterion® for assessing L2 writing proficiency in a Japanese university context

Language Testing in Asia

Table 7 Means and standard deviations across classes and time points in Study 2

Class		Holistic score	No. of errors per 100 words	No. of words	No. of words per sentence	No. of transitional words and phrases	No. of discourse elements
A		n = 17
Time 1	M	3.76	4.51	204.35	12.47	2.63	3.94
	SD	0.66	3.40	57.98	1.86	1.14	0.66
Time 2	M	4.29	3.75	252.29	14.34	2.95	4.29
	SD	0.59	1.35	61.28	2.34	1.03	0.59
Time 3	M	4.59	2.17	284.06	17.33	2.95	4.18
	SD	0.62	1.53	60.87	5.45	1.06	0.64
B		n = 14
Time 1	M	3.64	5.30	194.29	12.81	3.08	4.07
	SD	0.84	3.29	69.83	2.62	1.39	0.47
Time 2	M	3.71	5.52	213.79	13.48	3.75	3.93
	SD	0.73	2.64	74.96	1.92	2.02	0.62
Time 3	M	3.93	4.34	246.29	16.14	3.42	4.00
	SD	0.92	3.72	78.44	3.39	1.35	0.00
C		n = 18
Time 1	M	3.44	6.09	209.67	13.46	3.69	4.17
	SD	0.62	2.94	53.38	2.70	1.30	0.62
Time 2	M	3.89	5.65	220.72	13.41	3.73	4.33
	SD	0.58	2.08	50.14	2.24	1.07	0.59
Time 3	M	4.06	5.56	256.67	14.33	3.80	4.22
	SD	0.54	3.35	41.98	2.79	1.13	0.55
D		n = 18
Time 1	M	3.28	9.01	184.89	11.50	4.03	4.11
	SD	0.83	5.61	56.44	2.06	1.40	0.58
Time 2	M	3.61	5.30	189.56	11.18	4.20	4.56
	SD	0.61	1.69	33.15	1.54	1.18	0.51
Time 3	M	3.72	3.96	212.06	13.23	4.12	3.94
	SD	0.83	1.55	61.03	2.44	1.31	0.64
E		n = 14
Time 1	M	3.00	8.89	168.64	11.23	4.26	4.21
	SD	0.88	3.59	50.74	2.22	1.87	0.58
Time 2	M	3.50	6.51	201.36	12.78	3.68	4.14
	SD	0.65	2.27	57.78	2.11	1.51	0.53
Time 3	M	3.71	5.80	223.07	12.56	4.44	4.50
	SD	0.61	2.81	49.69	2.69	1.19	0.52
Total		N = 81
Time 1	M	3.43	6.76	193.30	12.32	3.54	4.10
	SD	0.79	4.26	58.09	2.40	1.51	0.58
Time 2	M	3.81	5.30	215.88	13.01	3.66	4.27
	SD	0.67	2.16	58.78	2.28	1.40	0.59
Time 3	M	4.01	4.32	244.90	14.72	3.74	4.16
	SD	0.77	2.94	63.18	3.88	1.29	0.56