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Language Testing in Asia

Table 2 Two-way non-parametric comparisons (test takers who studied >0 h, n = 163)

From: Investigating washback to the learner from the IELTS test in the Japanese tertiary context

Category

Sub-category

Mean T1

Mean T2

Z-value

p-value

Sig

Effect size (r)

Skills

Speaking

2.1 (1.21)

2.7 (1.5)

−4.54

.0000

**

.25

Writing

2.3 (1.3)

2.8 (1.7)

−2.97

.0028

*

.16

Listening

2.7 (1.5)

2.5 (1.4)

1.78

.0757

 

.10

Reading

2.7 (1.5)

2.5 (1.4)

2.52

.0114

 

.14

Activities

Reading

2.6 (1.5)

2.3 (1.4)

3.48

.0004

*

.19

Listening: 2 people

2.3 (1.2)

2.2 (1.3)

0.29

.7722

 

.02

Listening: 3 (+) people

2.2 (1.2)

2.2 (1.3)

0.06

.9515

 

.00

Speaking: Everyday topics

1.9 (1.2)

2.4 (1.3)

−3.15

.0015

*

.17

Speaking: Abstract topics

1.8 (1.1)

2.2 (1.4)

−3.44

.0005

*

.19

Writing: Graphs

2.3 (1.4)

2.6 (1.7)

−1.70

.0893

 

.09

Writing: Essays

2.4 (1.4)

2.6 (1.7)

−1.05

.2959

 

.06

Form

Fluency

2.2 (1.4)

2.6 (1.6)

−3.15

.0014

*

.17

Pronunciation

1.6 (0.9)

1.7 (1.1)

−1.52

.1257

 

.08

Grammar

2.1 (1.2)

1.9 (1.0)

2.39

.0165

 

.13

Vocabulary

2.6 (1.3)

2.6 (1.4)

0.78

.4392

 

.04

Test techniques

2.5 (1.4)

2.6 (1.4)

−1.08

.2807

 

.06

  1. Note: Standard deviation in parentheses; Asterisks denote Bonferroni corrected p-values: * <0.0031 ** <0.0001
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