Table 5 Two-way parametric comparisons (test takers who studied >20 h, n = 40)
From: Investigating washback to the learner from the IELTS test in the Japanese tertiary context
Category | Sub-category | Mean T1 (SD) | Mean T2 (SD) | t-value (df = 39) | p-value | Sig. | Cohen’s D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scores | Speaking | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.7 (1.0) | −2.893 | .0062 | * | .46 |
Writing | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.6 (0.5) | −2.481 | .0175 | .39 | ||
Listening | 6.4 (0.9) | 6.7 (0.9) | −3.313 | .0020 | * | .52 | |
Reading | 7.2 (0.9) | 7.4 (0.9) | −1.617 | .1140 | .26 |