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Table 8 Moderated mediation analysis: indirect and direct effect comparison among the three grades

From: A moderated mediation analysis of the relationship between a high-stakes English test and test takers’ extracurricular English learning activities

Grade

Estimate

Bootstrapping with 95% confidence

Bias-corrected

Percentile

Lower

Upper

p value

Lower

Upper

p value

Total indirect effect comparison

 G1–G2

− .019

− .355

.256

.861

− .341

.264

.926

 G1–G3

− .154

− .580

.118

.262

− .536

.145

.350

 G3–G2

.135

− .210

.579

.412

− .234

.539

.473

SIE 1 comparison

 G1–G2

− .084

− .399

.195

.583

− .414

.183

.529

 G1–G3

.307*

− .706

− .046

.022

− .658

.017

.036

 G3–G2

.223

− .052

.622

.100

− .107

.540

.174

SIE 2 comparison

 G1–G2

− .081

− .271

.056

.250

− .268

.059

.272

 G1–G3

− .090

− .286

.042

.194

− .268

.054

.248

 G3–G2

.008

− .191

.212

.909

− .199

.209

.951

SIE 3 comparison

 G1–G2

.147

− .112

.379

.268

− .077

.407

.182

 G1–G3

.242*

.018

.482

.038

.003

.471

.047

 G3–G2

− .096

− .341

.119

.304

− .303

.156

.462

Direct effect comparison

 G1–G2

− .005

− .302

.325

.965

− .303

.321

.976

 G1–G3

− .005

− .291

.313

.959

− .297

.307

.985

 G3–G2

.000

− .327

.324

.996

− .326

.325

.998

  1. Note: 5000 bootstrap samples. N = 463. SIE 1, TPN→PSE-SRL→TEELA; SIE 2, TPN→PSE-AA→TEELA; SIE 3, TPN→PSE-SRL→PSE-AA→TEELA
  2. *p < .05