Table 5 Major themes and sub-themes about the TOEFL iBT instructors’ perceptions of learners’ questions TOEFL iBT speaking preparation courses
From: Questioning in TOEFL iBT speaking test: a case of washback and construct underrepresentation
Issue | Theme | Sub-themes |
|---|---|---|
Applicants’ practice of oral questioning in TOEFL iBT speaking preparation courses | Significance | • Mainly downplayed as a washback effect of the test |
Development | • Mainly neglected for 1. The test’s construction 2. Applicants’ reluctance 3. Applicants’ expectations 4. Instructors’ occupational reputation |