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Table 4 Statistical significance of process indicators difference in pairs of clusters

From: Clustering students’ writing behaviors using keystroke logging: a learning analytic approach in EFL writing

Compared clusters

G M within-word pauses

G M before-word pauses

G M before-sentence pauses

The longest pause

Location of the longest pause

Pause variance

Total typed per minute

1 & 2

0.22

1.03E−14

1.39E−17

0.01

1.60E−29

1.17E−05

2.63E−25

1 & 3

0.00017

0.025

1.87E−05

5.98E−20

0.0004

5.97E−20

1.87E−05

1 & 4

1.50E−11

1.50E−11

1.50E−11

5.98E−20

6.80E−12

1.41E−11

1.50E−11

1 & 5

0.0006

0.0003

0.03

1.87E−32

3.59E−06

1.37E−17

1.55E−59

2 & 3

0.05

8.69E−41

2.62E−36

1.39E−17

4.25E−19

1.95E−54

0.0004

2 & 4

0.30

0.003

1.39E−17

1.39E−17

4.25E−19

1.36E−17

1.39E−17

2 & 5

0.09

9.07E−29

0.49

2.58E−07

7.75E−33

2.57E−07

3.57E−41

3 & 4

0.29

7.49E−14

3.93E−09

1.50E−11

8.42E−15

3.93E−09

1.50E−11

3 & 5

0.001

3.56E−06

1.80E−09

1.39E−17

8.04E−06

1.21E−07

1.39E−17

4 & 5

1.43E−05

5.12E−10

1.18E−05

1.18E−05

1.57E−11

0.49

1.39E−17

Compared clusters

Total pause time

Total active writing time

Total process time

Total words in main document

Mean word length

Mean typed in p-bursts

Total keystrokes

1 & 2

1.80E−09

1.55E−59

2.63E−25

8.04E−06

4.95E−07

0.008

8.63E−60

1 & 3

5.98E−20

1.87E−05

5.98E−20

3.32E−20

0.003

3.02E−10

4.80E−14

1 & 4

5.98E−20

5.98E−20

5.98E−20

8.42E−15

0.39

0.003

4.47E−20

1 & 5

1.55E−59

0.0003

1.96E−54

3.09E−18

2.53E−05

5.43E−25

8.87E−50

2 & 3

1.39E−17

1.39E−17

1.39E−17

7.44E−55

5.27E−06

5.01E−14

3.09E−18

2 & 4

1.39E−17

1.39E−17

1.39E−17

3.09E−18

4.18E−07

8.47E−06

3.09E−18

2 & 5

3.57E−41

3.57E−41

3.57E−41

7.58E−12

0.18

8.48E−15

1.68E−17

3 & 4

1.50E−11

1.50E−11

1.50E−11

3.32E−20

0.003

6.98E−05

8.42E−15

3 & 5

0.49

0.49

1.18E−05

5.36E−60

0.0002

1.39E−17

3.09E−18

4 & 5

0.49

1.E−17

1.18E−05

3.09E−18

2.15E−05

9.48E−16

3.09E−18