Table 1 Twelve-step questionnaire development and validation procedures

Step 1

Content analysis and sampling

Step 2

Creating an item bank

Step 3

Running the first pilot

Step 4

Creating item pool one

Step 5

Running expert judgment to evaluate the sub-scales

Step 6

Running an interview and think-aloud protocol

Step 7

Running Cronbach’s alpha

Step 8

Running the second pilot

Step 9

Running exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha

Step 10

Creating item pool two

Step 11

Running expert reviews

Step 12

Running translation and translation quality check