Formative vs. summative assessment: impacts on academic motivation, attitude toward learning, test anxiety, and self-regulation skill

Language Testing in Asia

Table 10 Multiple comparisons by Bonferroni test (self-regulation)

(I) groups	(J) groups	Mean differences (I-J)	Std. errors	Sig.	95% confidence intervals
(I) groups	(J) groups	Mean differences (I-J)	Std. errors	Sig.	Lower bounds	Upper bounds
Control	Summative	−49.91^a	5.63	.00	−63.73	−36.09
Control	Formative	−67.12^a	5.63	.00	−80.94	−53.30
Summative	Control	49.91^a	5.63	.00	36.09	63.73
Summative	Formative	−17.20^a	5.63	.01	−31.03	−3.38
Formative	Control	67.12^a	5.63	.00	53.30	80.94
Formative	Summative	17.20^a	5.63	.01	3.38	31.03