Skip to main content
Language Testing in Asia

Table 4 Pretest–posttest Hotelling statistics based on part of and full components of Pinyin knowledge (N = 23 for basic and N = 19 for diagnostic)

From: Using diagnostic feedback to enhance the development of phonetic knowledge of an L2: a CALL design based on the unified competition model and the implementation with the Pinyin Tutor

 

Hotelling statistic

Hotelling p-value

Syllable w/o tone, initial, and final combined

0.6381

0.5951

Word, syllable, and tone combined

3.7306

0.0191

All components combined

2.3577

0.0512

Back to article page