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Language Testing in Asia

Table 6 Pretest–posttest Hotelling statistics based on part of and full components of Pinyin knowledge (N = 13 for basic and N = 8 for diagnostic)

From: Using diagnostic feedback to enhance the development of phonetic knowledge of an L2: a CALL design based on the unified competition model and the implementation with the Pinyin Tutor

 

Hotelling statistic

Hotelling p-value

Syllable w/o tone, initial, and final combined

0.5451

0.6581

Word, syllable, and tone combined

4.7586

0.0138

All components combined

2.3567

0.0874

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