Table 3 Factor groups of the six observable forms of washback
Implicit ways of practising the target language | Explicit ways of practising the target language |
|---|---|
3) Practising with communicative purposes | 2) Practising with test-specific material and drilling |
4) Practising in digital gaming | 5) Practscing in tutorial classes |
6) Practising in entertainment contents | |
1) Integrated practice in daily contents and online | |