How sociocultural factors mediate washback effect: a study of the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination English Language Paper 4

Wong Katagiri, Nozomu

doi:10.1186/s40468-023-00250-4

Language Testing in Asia

Table 5 Factor analysis of mediating factors

From: How sociocultural factors mediate washback effect: a study of the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination English Language Paper 4

Pattern matrix^a
Item	Factor
Item	1	2	3	4	5
Factor 1: Family and tutorial influence
S20. Tutorial schools’ advice on preparatory work	0.96	.07	− .03	− 0.14	.03
S19. Tutorial schools’ advertisements	0.94	0.10	− 0.11	− 0.13	.06
S21. Test-taking skills learned from tutorial school	0.90	.05	− .04	− 0.13	.06
S24. Reports published by the media	0.69	.00	0.32	.09	− 0.27
S22. Information for preparatory work on websites	0.69	− .02	0.18	− .02	.07
S17. Family’s advice on preparatory work	0.66	− 0.10	− .07	0.23	0.25
S23. Posts about preparatory work on online forums	0.56	− .02	0.39	.01	− 0.11
S18. Family’s expectations	0.48	− 0.16	.03	0.35	0.22
Factor 2: Interest in the language
S04. The way I use English	.03	0.85	− .02	.00	.06
S05. The value of English as a language	0.14	0.77	.00	− .04	− .01
S06. My prioritisation of English subject	0.16	0.72	− 0.16	0.10	− .04
S03. My ambitions	− 0.17	0.71	0.30	− 0.12	0.11
S02. My learning goal	− 0.27	0.66	0.18	0.10	.08
S07. My interest in the English subject compared to other subjects	0.18	0.64	− 0.18	0.30	− 0.20
Factor 3: Evaluation made by teachers
S15. Teachers’ assessment of my English language ability	− .02	− .06	0.87	.08	.02
S16. Comparisons made by teachers (e.g. scores with previous years or between classmates)	0.13	− .09	0.70	.03	.09
S14. Teachers’ expectations	0.13	.05	0.65	− .02	0.12
S25. The examination-oriented culture in Hong Kong	0.13	− .01	0.63	.09	− .08
S13. Teachers’ advice on preparatory work	.05	0.19	0.60	− .04	0.13
S26. The importance of the HKDSE English exam in modern Hong Kong society	− 0.17	.01	0.30	0.25	0.21
Factor 4: Language proficiency
S09. My English score on school English examinations	− 0.12	.09	0.16	0.76	.04
S08. My English language ability	− .08	0.18	0.12	0.71	− 0.11
S10. My performance in English classroom activities	.08	0.20	− .03	0.53	0.13
Factor 5: Peer influence
S12. Classmates’ score on the school English examination	0.19	− .01	0.37	− .08	0.62
S11. Classmates’ preparatory work	0.19	− .01	0.20	.07	0.59

N = 199. The extraction method was principal axis factoring with an oblique (Promax with Kaiser normalisation) rotation. Factor loadings above 0.30 in individual factor are in bold. ^a rotation converged in seven iterations

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