Table 6 Summary of hypothesis testing and results

H₀1

There is no difference in Chinese listening score improvement between students studying in a Quizlet-based teaching environment and students studying in a traditional classroom.

Rejected.

There is a significant difference between the two groups, with p < 0.05.

H₀2

There is no difference in Chinese speaking score improvement between students studying in a Quizlet-based teaching environment and students studying in a traditional classroom.

Rejected.

There is a significant difference between the two groups, with p < 0.05.

H₀3

There is no difference in Chinese reading score improvement between students studying in a Quizlet-based teaching environment and students studying in a traditional classroom.

Rejected.

There is a significant difference between the two groups, with p < 0.05.

H₀4

There is no difference in Chinese writing score improvement between students studying in a Quizlet-based teaching environment and students studying in a traditional classroom.

Retained.

There is no significant difference between the two groups, with p > 0.05.