The development of reading comprehension ability of Chinese Heritage Language (CHL) learners in Indonesia

Language Testing in Asia

Table 2 Paired sample t test results

	t	SD	p	95% CI
Total
OK-VK	0.32	2.00	0.008	0.08, 0.55
VK-SA	0.50	1.91	0.000	0.27, 0.72
SA-DC	0.33	1.88	0.003	0.11, 0.55
Early adolescence
OK-VK	0.83	1.58	0.000	0.43, 1.24
VK-SA	0.29	1.44	0.118	− 0.65, 0.07
SA-DC	0.25	1.75	0.251	− 0.18, 0.70
Late adolescence
OK-VK	0.56	1.81	0.001	0.23, 0.90
VK-SA	0	1.73	1	− 0.32, 0.32
SA-DC	0.25	1.88	0.153	− 0.09, 0.60
Adult group
OK-VK	− 0.29	2.28	0.204	− 0.75, 0.16
VK-SA	1.22	2.15	0.000	1.65, 0.79
SA-DC	0.48	1.96	0.018	0.08, 0.87

OK Orthographic knowledge, VK Vocabulary knowledge, SA Syntactic awareness, DC Discourse comprehension